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The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future

Romanello, M.; McGushin, A.; Di Napoli, C.; Drummond, P.; Hughes, N.; Jamart, L.; Kennard, H.; Lampard, P.; Solano Rodriguez, B.; Arnell, N.; Ayeb-Karlsson, S.; Belesova, K.; Cai, W.; Campbell-Lendrum, D.; Capstick, S.; Chambers, J.; Chu, L.; Ciampi, L.; Dalin, C.; Dasandi, N.; Dasgupta, S.; Davies, M.; Dominguez-Salas, P.; Dubrow, R.; Ebi, K.L.; Eckelman, M.; Ekins, P.; Escobar, L.E.; Georgeson, L.; Grace, D.; Graham, H.; Gunther, S.H.; Hartinger Peña, Stella Maria; He, K.; Heaviside, C.; Hess, J.; Hsu, S.-C.; Jankin, S.; Jimenez, M.P.; Kelman, I.; Kiesewetter, G.; Kinney, P.L.; Kjellstrom, T.; Kniveton, D.; Lee, J.K.W.; Lemke, B.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Z.; Lott, M.; Lowe, R.; Martinez-Urtaza, J.; Maslin, M.; McAllister, L.; McMichael, C.; Mi, Z.; Milner, J.; Minor, K.; Mohajeri, N.; Moradi-Lakeh, M.; Morrissey, K.; Munzert, S.; Murray, K.A.; Neville, T.; Nilsson, M.; Obradovich, N.; Sewe, M.O.; Oreszczyn, T.; Otto, M.; Owfi, F.; Pearman, O.; Pencheon, D.; Rabbaniha, M.; Robinson, E.; Rocklöv, J.; Salas, R.N.; Semenza, J.C.; Sherman, J.; Shi, L.; Springmann, M.; Tabatabaei, M.; Taylor, J.; Trinanes, J.; Shumake-Guillemot, J.; Vu, B.; Wagner, F.; Wilkinson, P.; Winning, M.; Yglesias, M.; Zhang, S.; Gong, P.; Montgomery, H.; Costello, A.; Hamilton, I. (Elsevier, 2021)

The Lancet Countdown is an international collaboration that independently monitors the health consequences of a changing climate. Publishing updated, new, and improved indicators each year, the Lancet Countdown represents ...
A1c as a diagnostic criteria for diabetes in low- and middle-income settings: Evidence from PERU

Miranda, J. Jaime; Bernabé Ortiz, Antonio; Stanojevic, S.; Málaga Rodríguez, Germán Javier; Gilman, Robert Hugh; Smeeth, L. (Public Library of Science, 2011)

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, in three groups of Peruvian adults, using fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C). Methodology/Principal Findings: This study included adults ...
Changes in hemoglobin levels with age and altitude in preschool-aged children in Peru: the assessment of two individual-based national databases

Gonzales Rengifo, Gustavo Francisco; Tapia Aguirre, Vilma Lucrecia; Vásquez-Velásquez, Cinthya (Wiley, 2020)

According to the World Health Organization, the cutoff hemoglobin (Hb) value for defining anemia is 11 g/dL in preschool-aged children, and Hb measurements should be corrected above an altitude of 1000 meters. This study ...
Chronic exposure to biomass fuel is associated with increased carotid artery intima-media thickness and a higher prevalence of atherosclerotic plaque

Painschab, Matthew S.; Davila-Roman, Victor G.; Gilman, Robert Hugh; Vasquez-Villar, Angel D.; Pollard, Suzanne L.; Wise, Robert A.; Miranda, J. Jaime; Checkley, William (BMJ Publishing Group, 2013)

Background Biomass fuels are used for cooking in the majority of rural households worldwide. While their use is associated with an increased risk of lung diseases and all-cause mortality, the effects on cardiovascular ...
Clinical and Virologic Outcomes after Changes in First Antiretroviral Regimen at 7 Sites in the Caribbean, Central and South America Network

Wolff, M.; Shepherd, B.E.; Cortés, C.; Rebeiro, P.; Cesar, C.; Wagner Cardoso, S.; Pape, J.W.; Padgett, D.; Sierra-Madero, J.; Echevarria Zarate, Juan Ignacio; McGowan, C.C.; CCASAnet (Wolters Kluwer Health, 2016)

Background: HIV-infected persons in resource-limited settings may experience high rates of antiretroviral therapy (ART) change, particularly because of toxicity or other nonfailure reasons. Few reports address patient ...
A cross-sectional study of differences in 6-min walk distance in healthy adults residing at high altitude versus sea level

Caffrey, Deirdre; Miranda, J. Jaime; Gilman, Robert Hugh; Davila-Roman, Victor G.; Cabrera, Lilia; Dowling, Russell; Stewart, Talia; Bernabé Ortiz, Antonio; Wise, Robert; León-Velarde, Fabiola; Checkley, William; CRONICAS Cohort (BioMed Central, 2014)

Background: We sought to determine if adult residents living at high altitude have developed sufficient adaptation to a hypoxic environment to match the functional capacity of a similar population at sea level. To test ...
The development of an online risk calculator for the prediction of future syphilis among a high-risk cohort of men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru

Allan-Blitz, Lao-Tzu; Konda, Kelika A.; Vargas Rivera, Silver Keith; Wang, Xiaoyan; Segura, Eddy R.; Fazio, Boris M.; Calvo, Gino M.; Caceres Palacios, Carlos Fernando; Klausner, Jeffrey D. (CSIRO Publishing, 2018)

Background: Syphilis incidence worldwide has rebounded since 2000, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM). A predictive model for syphilis infection may inform prevention counselling and use of chemoprophylaxis. ...
Effects of diabetes definition on global surveillance of diabetes prevalence and diagnosis: A pooled analysis of 96 population-based studies with 331 288 participants

Danaei, G.; Fahimi, S.; Lu, Y.; Zhou, B.; Hajifathalian, K.; Cesare, M.D.; Lo, W.-C.; Reis-Santos, B.; Cowan, M.J.; Shaw, J.E.; Bentham, J.; Lin, J.K.; Bixby, H.; Magliano, D.; Bovet, P.; Miranda, J. Jaime; Khang, Y.-H.; Stevens, G.A.; Riley, L.M.; Ali, M.K.; Ezzati, M.; Kadir, K.A.; Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.; Acosta-Cazares, B.; Aekplakorn, W.; Aguilar-Salinas, C.A.; Ahmadvand, A.; Nsour, M.A.; Alkerwi, A.; Amouyel, P.; Andersen, L.B.; Anderssen, S.A.; Andrade, Dolores S.; Anjana, R.M.; Aounallah-Skhiri, H.; Aris, T.; Arlappa, N.; Arveiler, D.; Assah, F.K.; Avdicová, M.; Balakrishna, N.; Bandosz, P.; Barbagallo, C.M.; Alberto Barceló; Batieha, A.M.; Baur, L.A.; Romdhane, H.B.; Bernabé Ortiz, Antonio; Bhargava, S.K.; Bi, Y.; Bjerregaard, P.; Björkelund, C.; Blake, M.; Blokstra, A.; Bo, S.; Boehm, B.O.; Boissonnet, C.P.; Brajkovich, I.; Breckenkamp, J.; Brewster, L.M.; Brian, G.R.; Bruno, G.; Bugge, A.; de León, A.C.; Can, G.; Cândido, A.P.C.; Capuano, V.; Carvalho, M.J.; Casanueva, F.F.; Caserta, C.A.; Castetbon, K.; Chamukuttan, S.; Chaturvedi, N.; Chen, C.J.; Chen, F.; Chen, S.; Cheng, C.-Y.; Chetrit, A.; Chiou, S.-T.; Cho, Y.; Chudek, J.; Cifkova, R.; Claessens, F.; Concin, H.; Cooper, C.; Cooper, R.; Costanzo, S.; Cottel, D.; Cowell, C.; Crujeiras, A.B.; D'Arrigo, G.; Dallongeville, J.; Dankner, R.; Dauchet, L.; de Gaetano, G.; de Henauw, S.; Deepa, M.; Dehghan, A.; Dhana, K.; Di Castelnuovo, A.F.; Djalalinia, S.; Doua, K.; Drygas, W.; Du, Y.; Egbagbe, E.E.; Eggertsen, R.; Ati, J.E.; Elosua, R.; Erasmus, R.T.; Erem, C.; Ergor, G.; Eriksen, L.; Escobedo-de la Peña, J.; Fall, C.H.; Farzadfar, F.; Felix-Redondo, F.J.; Ferguson, T.S.; Fernández-Bergés, D.; Ferrari, M.; Ferreccio, C.; Finn, J.D.; Föger, B.; Foo, L.H.; Fouad, H.M.; Francis, D.K.; do Carmo Franco, M.; Franco, O.H.; Frontera, G.; Furusawa, T.; Gaciong, Z.; Galbarczyk, A.; Garnett, S.P.; Gaspoz, J.-M.; Gasull, M.; Gates, L.; Geleijnse, J.M.; Ghasemain, A.; Giampaoli, S.; Gianfagna, F.; Giovannelli, J.; Gross, M.G.; González Rivas, J.P.; Gorbea, M.B.; Gottrand, F.; Grant, J.F.; Grodzicki, T.; Grøntved, A.; Gruden, G.; Gu, D.; Guan, O.P.; Guerrero, R.; Guessous, I.; Guimaraes, A.L.; Gutierrez, L.; Hardy, R.; Kumar, R.H.; He, J.; Heidemann, C.; Hihtaniemi, I.T.; Ho, S.Y.; Ho, S.C.; Hofman, A.; Russo Horimoto, A.R.V.; Hormiga, C.M.; Horta, B.L.; Houti, L.; Hussieni, A.S.; Huybrechts, I.; Hwalla, N.; Iacoviello, L.; Iannone, A.G.; Ibrahim, M.M.; Ikeda, N.; Ikram, A.M.; Irazola, V.E.; Islam, M.; Iwasaki, M.; Jacobs, J.M.; Jafar, T.; Jasienska, G.; Jiang, C.Q.; Jonas, J.B.; Joshi, P.; Kafatos, A.; Kalter-Leibovici, O.; Kasaeian, A.; Katz, J.; Kaur, P.; Kavousi, M.; Kelishadi, R.; Kengne, A.P.; Kersting, M.; Khader, Y.S.; Kiechl, S.; Kim, J.; Kiyohara, Y.; Kolsteren, P.; Korrovits, P.; Koskinen, S.; Kratzer, W.; Kromhout, D.; Kula, K.; Kurjata, P.; Kyobutungi, C.; Lachat, C.; Laid, Y.; Lam, T.H.; Landrove, O.; Lanska, V.; Lappas, G.; Laxmaiah, A.; Leclercq, C.; Lee, J.; Lee, J.; Lehtimäki, T.; Rampal, L.; León-Muñoz, L.M.; Li, Y.; Lim, W.-Y.; Fernanda Lima-Costa, M.; Lin, H.-H.; Lin, X.; Lissner, L.; Lorbeer, R.; Lozano, J.E.; Lundqvist, A.; Lytsy, P.; Ma, G.; Machado-Coelho, G.L.L.; Machi, S.; Maggi, S.; Makdisse, M.; Rao, K.M.; Manios, Y.; Manzato, E.; Margozzini, P.; Marques-Vidal, P.; Martorell, R.; Masoodi, S.R.; Matsha, T.E.; Mbanya, J.C.N.; McFarlane, S.R.; McGarvey, S.T.; McLachlan, S.; McNulty, B.A.; Mediene-Benchekor, S.; Meirhaeghe, A.; Menezes, A.M.B.; Merat, S.; Meshram, I.I.; Mi, J.; Miquel, J.F.; Mohamed, M.K.; Mohammad, K.; Mohan, V.; Yusoff, M.F.M.; Moller, N.C.; Molnar, D.; Mondo, C.K.; Moreno, L.A.; Morgan, K.; Moschonis, G.; Mossakowska, M.; Mostafa, A.; Mota, J.; Muiesan, M.L.; Müller-Nurasyid, M.; Mursu, J.; Nagel, G.; Namesna, J.; Nang, E.E.K.; Nangia, V.B.; Navarrete-Muñoz, E.M.; Ndiaye, N.C.; Nervi, F.; Nguyen, N.D.; Nieto-Martínez, R.E.; Ning, G.; Ninomiya, T.; Noale, M.; Noto, D.; Ochoa-Avilés, A.M.; Oh, K.; Onat, A.; Osmond, C.; Otero, J.A.; Palmieri, L.; Panda-Jonas, S.; Panza, F.; Parsaeian, M.; Peixoto, S.V.; Pereira, A.C.; Peters, A.; Peykari, N.; Pilav, A.; Pitakaka, F.; Piwonska, A.; Piwonski, J.; Plans-Rubió, P.; Porta, M.; Portegies, M.L.P.; Poustchi, H.; Pradeepa, R.; Price, J.F.; Punab, M.; Qasrawi, R.F.; Qorbani, M.; Raitakari, O.; Rao, S.R.; Ramachandran, A.; Ramos, R.; Rampal, S.; Rathmann, W.; Redon, J.; Reganit, P.F.M.; Rigo, F.; Robinson, S.M.; Robitaille, C.; Rodríguez, L.A.; Rodríguez-Artalejo, F.; Rodriguez-Perez, M.D.C.; Rojas-Martinez, R.; Romaguera, D.; Rosengren, A.; Rubinstein, A.; Rui, O.; Ruiz-Betancourt, B.S.; Rutkowski, M.; Sabanayagam, C.; Sachdev, H.S.; Saidi, O.; Sakarya, S.; Salanave, B.; Salonen, J.T.; Salvetti, M.; Sánchez-Abanto, J.; dos Santos, R.N.; Santos, R.; Sardinha, L.B.; Scazufca, M.; Schargrodsky, H.; Scheidt-Nave, C.; Shibuya, K.; Shin, Y.; Shiri, R.; Siantar, R.; Sibai, A.M.; Simon, M.; Simons, J.; Simons, L.A.; Sjostrom, M.; Slowikowska-Hilczer, J.; Slusarczyk, P.; Smeeth, L.; Snijder, M.B.; Solfrizzi, V.; Sonestedt, E.; Soumare, A.; Staessen, J.A.; Steene-Johannessen, J.; Stehle, P.; Stein, A.D.; Stessman, J.; Stöckl, D.; Stokwiszewski, J.; Strufaldi, M.W.; Sun, C.-A.; Sundström, J.; Suriyawongpaisal, P.; Sy, R.G.; Tai, E.S.; Tarawneh, M.; Tarqui-Mamani, C.B.; Thijs, L.; Tolstrup, J.S.; Topbas, M.; Torrent, M.; Traissac, P.; Trinh, O.T.H.; Tulloch-Reid, M.K.; Tuomainen, T.-P.; Turley, M.L.; Tzourio, C.; Ueda, P.; Ukoli, F.M.; Ulmer, H.; Valdivia, G.; van Valkengoed, I.G.M.; Vanderschueren, D.; Vanuzzo, D.; Vega, T.; Velasquez-Melendez, G.; Veronesi, G.; Verschuren, M.; Vioque, J.; Virtanen, J.; Visvikis-Siest, S.; Viswanathan, B.; Vollenweider, P.; Voutilainen, S.; Wade, A.N.; Wagner, A.; Walton, J.; Mohamud, W.N.W.; Wang, M.-D.; Wang, Y.X.; Wannamethee, S.G.; Weerasekera, D.; Whincup, P.H.; Widhalm, K.; Wiecek, A.; Wilks, R.J.; Willeit, J.; Wojtyniak, B.; Wong, T.Y.; Woo, J.; Woodward, M.; Wu, A.G.; Wu, F.C.; Wu, S.L.; Xu, H.; Yang, X.; Ye, X.; Yoshihara, A.; Younger-Coleman, N.O.; Zambon, S.; Zargar, A.H.; Zdrojewski, T.; Zhao, W.; Zheng, Y. (Elsevier, 2015)

Background: Diabetes has been defined on the basis of different biomarkers, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test (2hOGTT), and HbA1c. We assessed the effect of different ...
Effects of the 1997-1998 El Niño episode on community rates of diarrhea

Bennett, A.; Epstein, L.D.; Gilman, Robert Hugh; Cama, V.; Bern, C.; Cabrera, L.; Lescano Guevara, Andres Guillermo; Patz, J.; Cárcamo Cavagnaro, César Paul Eugenio; Sterling, C.R.; Checkley, W. (American Public Health Association, 2012)

Objectives: To improve our understanding of climate variability and diarrheal disease at the community level and inform predictions for future climate change scenarios, we examined whether the El Niño climate pattern is ...
Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus

Pons-Estel, Guillermo J.; Ugarte Gil, Manuel Francisco; Alarcón, Graciela S. (Taylor and Francis, 2017)

INTRODUCTION: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease distributed worldwide, which occurs in both genders, and across racial/ethnic and age groups; however, higher rates are observed in adults, in women and in ...
Factors associated with visible anogenital warts among HIV-uninfected Peruvian men who have sex with men and transwomen: A cross-sectional study

Galea, J.T.; Kinsler, J.J.; Galan, D.B.; Calvo, G.; Sánchez, H.; León Sandoval, Segundo Ramos; Klausner, J.D.; Brown, B. (Wolters Kluwer Health, 2015)

Background: Visible, anogenital warts may be associated with risk factors for HIV infection. This cross-sectional study examined the factors associated with visible anogenital warts among HIV-uninfected Peruvian men who ...
A field trial of alternative targeted screening strategies for chagas disease in Arequipa, Peru

Hunter, G.C.; Borrini-Mayorí, K.; Ancca Juárez, J.; Castillo Neyra, Ricardo; Verastegui Pimentel, Manuela Renee; Malaga Chavez, F.S.; del Cornejo Carpio, J.G.; Córdova Benzaquen, E.; Naquira Velarde, Cesar Gabriel; Gilman, Robert Hugh; Bern, C.; Levy, M.Z. (Public Library of Science, 2012)

Background: Chagas disease is endemic in the rural areas of southern Peru and a growing urban problem in the regional capital of Arequipa, population ~860,000. It is unclear how to implement cost-effective screening programs ...
First Detected Helicobacter pylori Infection in Infancy Modifies the Association Between Diarrheal Disease and Childhood Growth in Peru

Jaganath, Devan; Saito, Mayuko; Gilman, Robert Hugh; Queiroz, Dulciene M.M.; Rocha, Gifone A.; Cama, Vitaliano; Cabrera, Lilia; Kelleher, Dermot; Windle, HenryJ.; Crabtree, Jean E.; Checkley, William (Wiley, 2014)

Background: In endemic settings, Helicobacter pylori infection can occur shortly after birth and may be associated with a reduction in childhood growth. Materials and Methods: This study investigated what factors promote ...
Frecuencia y susceptibilidad antibiótica del Staphylococcus aureus proveniente de hisopados nasales en una población urbano marginal de Lima, Perú

Carmona, E.; Sandoval, S.; García Apac, Coralith Marlinda (Instituto Nacional de Salud, 2012)

Objectives. To determine the frequency and associated factors of nasal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern in a marginal suburban population Lima, Peru. Materials and methods. A ...
HBV infection in relation to consistent condom use: A Population-Based study in Peru

Bernabé Ortiz, Antonio; Cárcamo Cavagnaro, César Paul Eugenio; Scott, J.; Hughes, J.; Garcia Funegra, Patricia Jannet; Holmes, K. (BMJ Publishing Group, 2011)

Introduction Data on hepatitis B virus (HBV) are limited in developing countries. The study goal was to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with HBV infection in Peru, highlighting its relationship with consistent ...
HBV infection in relation to consistent condom use: a population-based study in Peru.

Bernabé Ortiz, Antonio; Cárcamo Cavagnaro, César Paul Eugenio; Scott, John D.; Hughes, James P.; Garcia Funegra, Patricia Jannet; Holmes, King K. (Public Library of Science, 2011)

Background: Data on hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence are limited in developing countries. There is also limited information of consistent condom use efficacy for reducing HBV transmission at the population level. The ...
Lupus: the new epidemic.

Ugarte Gil, Manuel Francisco; Gonzalez, L. A.; Alarcón, Graciela S. (SAGE Publications, 2019)

Is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is occurring more frequently now than in decades past? Despite improvements in the identification of patients with SLE, the development of new classification criteria, and the recognition ...
Mortality in parenchymal and subarachnoid neurocysticercosis

Abanto, Jesús; Blanco, D.; Saavedra Pastor, Herbert; Gonzales, Isidro; Siu, Diego; Pretell, E. Javier; Bustos Palomino, Javier Arturo; García Lescano, Héctor Hugo; Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2021)

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is endemic in many parts of the world, carrying significant neurological morbidity that varies according to whether lesions are located inside the cerebral parenchyma or in extraparenchymal spaces. ...
Organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus

González, Luis Alonso; Santamaría-Alza, Yeison; Alarcón, Graciela S. (Elsevier, 2021)

Damage reflects the irreversible changes that occur in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients as a consequence of the disease, its treatment or comorbidities. The pattern of damage increases in a steady linear fashion ...
Point of care HbA(1c) level for diabetes mellitus management and its accuracy among tuberculosis patients: a study in four countries

Huangfu, P.; Laurence, Y.V.; Alisjahbana, B.; Ugarte Gil, Cesar Augusto; Riza, A.-L.; Walzl, G.; Ruslami, R.; Moore, David Alexander James; Ioana, M.; McAllister, S.; Ronacher, K.; Koesoemadinata, R.C.; Grint, D.; Kerry, S.; Coronel, J.; Malherbe, S.T.; Griffiths, U.; Dockrell, H.M.; Hill, P.C.; Van Crevel, R.; Pearson, F.; Critchley, J.A. (International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2019)

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is common among tuberculosis (TB) patients and often undiagnosed or poorly controlled. We compared point of care (POC) with laboratory glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) testing among newly ...