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Enhanced heterosexual transmission hypothesis for the origin of pandemic HIV-1

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dc.contributor.author de Sousa, J.D.
dc.contributor.author Alvarez, C.
dc.contributor.author Vandamme, A.-M.
dc.contributor.author Müller, V.
dc.date.accessioned 2022-01-18T19:34:44Z
dc.date.available 2022-01-18T19:34:44Z
dc.date.issued 2012
dc.identifier.uri https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12866/11201
dc.description.abstract HIV-1 M originated from SIVcpz endemic in chimpanzees from southeast Cameroon or neighboring areas, and it started to spread in the early 20th century. Here we examine the factors that may have contributed to simian-to-human transmission, local transmission between humans, and export to a city. The region had intense ape hunting, social disruption, commercial sex work, STDs, and traffic to/from Kinshasa in the period 1899-1923. Injection treatments increased sharply around 1930; however, their frequency among local patients was far lower than among modern groups experiencing parenteral HIV-1 outbreaks. Recent molecular datings of HIV-1 M fit better the period of maximal resource exploitation and trade links than the period of high injection intensity. We conclude that although local parenteral outbreaks might have occurred, these are unlikely to have caused massive transmission. World War I led to additional, and hitherto unrecognized, risks of HIV-1 emergence. We propose an Enhanced Heterosexual Transmission Hypothesis for the origin of HIV-1 M, featuring at the time and place of its origin a coincidence of favorable co-factors (ape hunting, social disruption, STDs, and mobility) for both cross-species transmission and heterosexual spread. Our hypothesis does not exclude a role for parenteral transmission in the initial viral adaptation. en_US
dc.language.iso eng
dc.publisher MDPI
dc.relation.ispartofseries Viruses
dc.rights info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.rights.uri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es
dc.subject Humans en_US
dc.subject Risk Factors en_US
dc.subject Animals en_US
dc.subject Disease Vectors en_US
dc.subject Prevalence en_US
dc.subject HIV Infections en_US
dc.subject sexual behavior en_US
dc.subject prostitution en_US
dc.subject sexually transmitted disease en_US
dc.subject HIV en_US
dc.subject syphilis en_US
dc.subject Heterosexuality en_US
dc.subject Rural Population en_US
dc.subject adaptation en_US
dc.subject infection risk en_US
dc.subject drug tolerability en_US
dc.subject epidemic en_US
dc.subject Zoonoses en_US
dc.subject migration en_US
dc.subject virus strain en_US
dc.subject Human Migration en_US
dc.subject Phylogeography en_US
dc.subject HIV-1 en_US
dc.subject virus transmission en_US
dc.subject Cross Infection en_US
dc.subject hospital infection en_US
dc.subject pandemic en_US
dc.subject health promotion en_US
dc.subject health care facility en_US
dc.subject Drug Users en_US
dc.subject intravenous drug abuse en_US
dc.subject Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection en_US
dc.subject Central Africa en_US
dc.subject hypothesis en_US
dc.subject Human immunodeficiency virus 1 en_US
dc.subject Zoonosis en_US
dc.subject smallpox en_US
dc.subject Pan troglodytes en_US
dc.subject acetarsol en_US
dc.subject Adaptation, Biological en_US
dc.subject African trypanosomiasis en_US
dc.subject animal hunting en_US
dc.subject ape en_US
dc.subject arsanilic acid en_US
dc.subject arsenic derivative en_US
dc.subject bismuth derivative en_US
dc.subject Bushmeat en_US
dc.subject enhanced heterosexual transmission hypothesis en_US
dc.subject Genital ulcer disease en_US
dc.subject injection en_US
dc.subject law enforcement en_US
dc.subject mercury derivative en_US
dc.subject Needle Sharing en_US
dc.subject neoarsphenamine en_US
dc.subject Origin of HIV en_US
dc.subject Pan en_US
dc.subject Pandemics en_US
dc.subject Simiae en_US
dc.subject simian en_US
dc.subject Simian immunodeficiency virus en_US
dc.subject SIV en_US
dc.subject smallpox vaccine en_US
dc.subject social stress en_US
dc.subject tryparsamide en_US
dc.subject Unsterile injections en_US
dc.subject war en_US
dc.subject yaws en_US
dc.title Enhanced heterosexual transmission hypothesis for the origin of pandemic HIV-1 en_US
dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.identifier.doi https://doi.org/10.3390/v4101950
dc.subject.ocde https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.06.02
dc.relation.issn 1999-4915


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