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Pharmaco-disparities in heart failure: a survey of the affordability of guideline recommended therapy in 10 countries

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dc.contributor.author Averbuch, Tauben
dc.contributor.author Esfahani, Meisam
dc.contributor.author Khatib, Rani
dc.contributor.author Kayima, James
dc.contributor.author Miranda, J. Jaime
dc.contributor.author Wadhera, Rishi K.
dc.contributor.author Zannad, Faiez
dc.contributor.author Pandey, Ambarish
dc.contributor.author Van Spall, Harriette G. C.
dc.date.accessioned 2023-10-09T17:09:19Z
dc.date.available 2023-10-09T17:09:19Z
dc.date.issued 2023
dc.identifier.uri https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12866/14237
dc.description.abstract Aims: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is treatable but guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) may not be affordable or accessible to people living with the disease. Methods and results: In this cross-sectional survey, we investigated the price, affordability, and accessibility of four pivotal classes of HFrEF GDMT: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) or angiotensin-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI); beta-blockers; mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA); and sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). We sampled online or community pharmacies in 10 countries across a range of World Bank income groups, assessing mean 30 day retail prescription prices, affordability relative to gross national income per capita per month, and accessibility. We reported median price ratios relative to the International Reference Standard. We performed a literature review to evaluate accessibility to GDMT classes through publicly funded drug programmes in each country. HFrEF GDMT prices, both absolute and relative to the international reference, were highest in the United States and lowest in Pakistan and Bangladesh. The most expensive drug was the ARNI, sacubitril/valsartan, with a mean (standard deviation, SD) 30 day price ranging from $11.06 (0.81) in Pakistan to $611.50 (3.54) in United States. The least expensive drug was the MRA, spironolactone, with a mean (SD) 30 day price ranging from $0.18 (0.00) in Pakistan to $12.32 (0.00) in England. Affordability (SD) of quadruple therapy—ARNI, beta-blockers, MRA, and SGLT2i—was best in high-income and worst in low-income countries, ranging from 1.49 (0.00)% of gross national income per capita per month in England to 232.47 (31.47)% in Uganda. Publicly funded drug programmes offset costs for eligible patients, but ARNI and SGLT2i were inaccessible through these programmes in low- and middle-income countries. Price, affordability, and access were substantially improved in all countries by substituting ARNI for ACEi/ARB. Conclusions: There was marked variation between countries in the retail price of HFrEF GDMT. Despite higher prices in high-income countries, GDMT was more accessible and affordable than in low- and middle-income countries. Publicly funded drug programmes in lower income countries increased affordability but limited access to newer HFrEF GDMT classes. Pharmaco-disparities must be addressed to improve HFrEF outcomes globally. en_US
dc.language.iso eng
dc.publisher Wiley
dc.relation.ispartofseries ESC Heart Failure
dc.rights info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.rights.uri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es
dc.subject Accessibility en_US
dc.subject Affordability en_US
dc.subject Cost Equity en_US
dc.subject Heart failure en_US
dc.subject Pharmaco-disparities en_US
dc.subject Pharmacotherapy en_US
dc.title Pharmaco-disparities in heart failure: a survey of the affordability of guideline recommended therapy in 10 countries en_US
dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.identifier.doi https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.14468
dc.subject.ocde https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.05
dc.relation.issn 2055-5822


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