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Mutations Linked to Insecticide Resistance Not Detected in the Ace-1 or VGSC Genes in Nyssorhynchus darlingi from Multiple Localities in Amazonian Brazil and Peru

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dc.contributor.author Bickersmith, Sara A.
dc.contributor.author Jurczynski, John D.
dc.contributor.author Sallum, Maria Anice Mureb
dc.contributor.author Chaves, Leonardo S. M.
dc.contributor.author Bergo, Eduardo S.
dc.contributor.author Rodriguez, Gloria A. D.
dc.contributor.author Morante, Clara A.
dc.contributor.author Rios, Carlos T.
dc.contributor.author Saavedra Romero, Marlon Pierino
dc.contributor.author Alava, Freddy
dc.contributor.author Gamboa Vilela, Dionicia Baziliza
dc.contributor.author Vinetz, Joseph Michael
dc.contributor.author Conn, Jan E.
dc.coverage.spatial Brasil
dc.coverage.spatial Perú
dc.date.accessioned 2023-12-05T17:48:02Z
dc.date.available 2023-12-05T17:48:02Z
dc.date.issued 2023
dc.identifier.uri https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12866/14652
dc.description.abstract Indoor residual spray (IRS), mainly employing pyrethroid insecticides, is the most common intervention for preventing malaria transmission in many regions of Latin America; the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) has been more limited. Knockdown resistance (kdr) is a well-characterized target-site resistance mechanism associated with pyrethroid and DDT resistance. Most mutations detected in acetylcholinesterase-1 (Ace-1) and voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) genes are non-synonymous, resulting in a change in amino acid, leading to the non-binding of the insecticide. In the present study, we analyzed target-site resistance in Nyssorhynchus darlingi, the primary malaria vector in the Amazon, in multiple malaria endemic localities. We screened 988 wild-caught specimens of Ny. darlingi from three localities in Amazonian Peru and four in Amazonian Brazil. Collections were conducted between 2014 and 2021. The criteria were Amazonian localities with a recent history as malaria hotspots, primary transmission by Ny. darlingi, and the use of both IRS and LLINs as interventions. Fragments of Ace-1 (456 bp) and VGSC (228 bp) were amplified, sequenced, and aligned with Ny. darlingi sequences available in GenBank. We detected only synonymous mutations in the frequently reported Ace-1 codon 280 known to confer resistance to organophosphates and carbamates, but detected three non-synonymous mutations in other regions of the gene. Similarly, no mutations linked to insecticide resistance were detected in the frequently reported codon (995) at the S6 segment of domain II of VGSC. The lack of genotypic detection of insecticide resistance mutations by sequencing the Ace-1 and VGSC genes from multiple Ny. darlingi populations in Brazil and Peru could be associated with low-intensity resistance, or possibly the main resistance mechanism is metabolic. en_US
dc.language.iso eng
dc.publisher MDPI
dc.relation.ispartofseries Genes
dc.rights info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.rights.uri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es
dc.subject Nyssorhynchus darlingi en_US
dc.subject Insecticide resistance en_US
dc.subject Ace-1 en_US
dc.subject VGSC en_US
dc.subject Brazil en_US
dc.subject Peru en_US
dc.subject.mesh Anopheles
dc.subject.mesh Resistencia a los Insecticidas
dc.subject.mesh Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A
dc.subject.mesh Brasil
dc.subject.mesh Perú
dc.title Mutations Linked to Insecticide Resistance Not Detected in the Ace-1 or VGSC Genes in Nyssorhynchus darlingi from Multiple Localities in Amazonian Brazil and Peru en_US
dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.identifier.doi https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14101892
dc.relation.issn 2073-4425


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