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The cross-national epidemiology of social anxiety disorder: Data from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative

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dc.contributor.author Stein, D. J.
dc.contributor.author Lim, C. C. W.
dc.contributor.author Roest, A. M.
dc.contributor.author de Jonge, P.
dc.contributor.author Aguilar-Gaxiola, S.
dc.contributor.author Al-Hamzawi, A.
dc.contributor.author Alonso, J.
dc.contributor.author Benjet, C.
dc.contributor.author Bromet, E. J.
dc.contributor.author Bruffaerts, R.
dc.contributor.author de Girolamo, G.
dc.contributor.author Florescu, S.
dc.contributor.author Gureje, O.
dc.contributor.author Haro, J. M.
dc.contributor.author Harris, M. G.
dc.contributor.author He, Y. L.
dc.contributor.author Hinkov, H.
dc.contributor.author Horiguchi, I.
dc.contributor.author Hu, C. Y.
dc.contributor.author Karam, A.
dc.contributor.author Karam, E. G.
dc.contributor.author Lee, S.
dc.contributor.author Lepine, J. P.
dc.contributor.author Navarro-Mateu, F.
dc.contributor.author Pennell, B. E.
dc.contributor.author Piazza Ferrand, Marina Julia
dc.contributor.author Posada-Villa, J.
dc.contributor.author ten Have, M.
dc.contributor.author Torres, Y.
dc.contributor.author Viana, M. C.
dc.contributor.author Wojtyniak, B.
dc.contributor.author Xavier, M.
dc.contributor.author Kessler, R. C.
dc.contributor.author Scott, K. M.
dc.contributor.author WHO World Mental Health Survey
dc.date.accessioned 2019-01-25T16:20:58Z
dc.date.available 2019-01-25T16:20:58Z
dc.date.issued 2017
dc.identifier.uri https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12866/4818
dc.description.abstract Background: There is evidence that social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a prevalent and disabling disorder. However, most of the available data on the epidemiology of this condition originate from high income countries in the West. The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative provides an opportunity to investigate the prevalence, course, impairment, socio-demographic correlates, comorbidity, and treatment of this condition across a range of high, middle, and low income countries in different geographic regions of the world, and to address the question of whether differences in SAD merely reflect differences in threshold for diagnosis. Methods: Data from 28 community surveys in the WMH Survey Initiative, with 142,405 respondents, were analyzed. We assessed the 30-day, 12-month, and lifetime prevalence of SAD, age of onset, and severity of role impairment associated with SAD, across countries. In addition, we investigated socio-demographic correlates of SAD, comorbidity of SAD with other mental disorders, and treatment of SAD in the combined sample. Cross-tabulations were used to calculate prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and treatment. Survival analysis was used to estimate age of onset, and logistic regression and survival analyses were used to examine socio-demographic correlates. Results: SAD 30-day, 12-month, and lifetime prevalence estimates are 1.3, 2.4, and 4.0% across all countries. SAD prevalence rates are lowest in low/lower-middle income countries and in the African and Eastern Mediterranean regions, and highest in high income countries and in the Americas and the Western Pacific regions. Age of onset is early across the globe, and persistence is highest in upper-middle income countries, Africa, and the Eastern Mediterranean. There are some differences in domains of severe role impairment by country income level and geographic region, but there are no significant differences across different income level and geographic region in the proportion of respondents with any severe role impairment. Also, across countries SAD is associated with specific socio-demographic features (younger age, female gender, unmarried status, lower education, and lower income) and with similar patterns of comorbidity. Treatment rates for those with any impairment are lowest in low/lower-middle income countries and highest in high income countries. Conclusions: While differences in SAD prevalence across countries are apparent, we found a number of consistent patterns across the globe, including early age of onset, persistence, impairment in multiple domains, as well as characteristic socio-demographic correlates and associated psychiatric comorbidities. In addition, while there are some differences in the patterns of impairment associated with SAD across the globe, key similarities suggest that the threshold for diagnosis is similar regardless of country income levels or geographic location. Taken together, these cross-national data emphasize the international clinical and public health significance of SAD. en_US
dc.language.iso eng
dc.publisher BioMed Central
dc.relation.ispartofseries BMC Medicine
dc.rights info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.rights.uri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es
dc.subject version en_US
dc.subject General & Internal Medicine en_US
dc.subject aggression en_US
dc.subject cidi en_US
dc.subject comorbidity survey en_US
dc.subject Cross-national epidemiology en_US
dc.subject fears en_US
dc.subject phobia en_US
dc.subject Social anxiety disorder en_US
dc.subject Social phobia en_US
dc.subject World Mental Health Survey Initiative en_US
dc.title The cross-national epidemiology of social anxiety disorder: Data from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative en_US
dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.identifier.doi https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0889-2
dc.subject.ocde https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00
dc.relation.issn 1741-7015


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