Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants

De Henauw, S.; Lehtimaki, T.; Sun, C. A.; Muiesan, M. L.; Neuhauser, H. K.; Zhu, D.; Kengne, A. P.; Aryal, K.; Cowell, C.; Gasull, M.; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B.; Fernandez-Berges, D.; Portegies, M. L. P.; Lu, Y.; Tynelius, P.; van Rossem, L.; Murphy, N.; Gu, D. F.; Wong-McClure, R. A.; Kersting, M.; Forslund, A. S.; Khatibzadeh, S.; Solfrizzi, V.; Ikeda, N.; Zhao, D.; Weerasekera, D.; He, J.; Qasrawi, R. F.; Santos, R.; Cottel, D.; Janszky, I.; Garnett, S. P.; Goncalves, H.; Ghasemian, A.; Hwalla, N.; Mann, J. I.; Bixby, H.; Punab, M.; Tuomainen, T. P.; Guan, O. P.; Marrugat, J.; Suriyawongpaisal, P.; Visvikis-Siest, S.; Cooper, R.; Moschonis, G.; Lunet, N.; Pilav, A.; Ruiz-Betancourt, B. S.; Lin, X.; Afsana, K.; Thijs, L.; Onat, A.; Kulaga, Z.; Ostojic, S. M.; Reina, D. A. R.; Redon, J.; Rampal, S.; Ben Romdhane, H.; Dankner, R.; Palli, D.; Ho, S. C.; Evans, A.; Pereira, A. C.; Mursu, J.; Katz, J.; Costanzo, S.; Coppinger, T. C.; Graff-Iversen, S.; Cardoso, V. 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M.; Ferrieres, J.; Bennett, J. E.; Panza, F.; Ansong, D.; Verschuren, W. M. M.; Blokstra, A.; Carvalho, M. J.; Traissac, P.; Jorgensen, T.; Paciorek, C. J.; Huybrechts, I.; Sung, Y. T.; Scazufca, M.; Iacoviello, L.; Koskinen, S.; Topor-Madry, R.; Do, H. T. P.; Noboa, O. A.; Polasek, O.; Rigo, F.; Mondo, C. K.; Gregor, R. D.; Ma, J.; Kouda, K.; Houti, L.; Miller, J. C.; Laxmaiah, A.; Wareham, N.; Hadaegh, F.; Elliott, P.; Jelakovic, B.; Lappas, G.; Zdrojewski, T.; Zheng, Y.; Khir, A. S. M.; Ulmer, H.; Grodzicki, T.; Pajak, A.; Nervi, F.; Boissonnet, C. P.; de Wit, T. F. R.; Soderberg, S.; Kaaks, R.; Lachat, C.; Ahmadvand, A.; Pelletier, C.; Chan, Q.; Stein, A. D.; Iannone, A. G.; Casanueva, F. F.; Cheng, C. Y.; van der Schouw, Y. T.; Rasmussen, F.; Cruz, J. J.; Monyeki, K. D. K.; Molnar, D.; Viswanathan, B.; Yoshihara, A.; Simons, J.; Vrijheid, M.; Santos, I. S.; Amouyel, P.; Meisinger, C.; Htay, T. T.; Irazola, V. E.; Sharma, S. K.; Jacobs, J. M.; Peltonen, M.; Eriksen, L.; Lytsy, P.; Deepa, M.; Machado-Coelho, G. L. L.; Noale, M.; Radic, I.; Joshi, P.; Furusawa, T.; Vineis, P.; Peykari, N.; Candido, A. P. C.; Navarrete-Munoz, E. M.; Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, E.; Husseini, A. S.; McFarlane, S. R.; Guimaraes, A. L.; Kromhout, D.; Wang, Q.; Palmieri, L.; Robitaille, C.; Deschamps, V.; Parsaeian, M.; Agyemang, C.; Chamukuttan, S.; Kemper, H. C. G.; Abu-Rmeileh, N. M.; Luksiene, D.; Tarqui-Mamani, C. B.; Tjonneland, A.; Shin, Y. C.; Stehle, P.; Bernotiene, G.; Brenner, H.; Wojtyniak, B.; Nangia, V. B.; Amuzu, A.; Medzioniene, J.; Widhalm, K.; Tolonen, H. K.; Riley, L. M.; Stockl, D.; Wiecek, A.; Huerta, J. M.; Pigeot, I.; Chirita-Emandi, A.; Musil, V.; Horta, B. L.; Cho, Y.; Bahijri, S.; Erasmus, R. T.; Gunter, M.; Bobak, M.; Lorbeer, R.; Pecin, I.; van Valkengoed, I. G. M.; Stergiou, G. S.; Bongard, V.; Ali, M. M.; Ekelund, U.; Gaspoz, J. M.; Baur, L. A.; Chen, C. J.; Kuh, D.; dos Santos, R. N.; Dinc, G. 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dc.contributor.author	Wang, M. D.
dc.contributor.author	Wang, Q.
dc.contributor.author	Wang, Y. X.
dc.contributor.author	Wannamethee, S. G.
dc.contributor.author	Wareham, N.
dc.contributor.author	Wederkopp, N.
dc.contributor.author	Weerasekera, D.
dc.contributor.author	Whincup, P. H.
dc.contributor.author	Widhalm, K.
dc.contributor.author	Widyahening, I. S.
dc.contributor.author	Wiecek, A.
dc.contributor.author	Wijga, A. H.
dc.contributor.author	Wilks, R. J.
dc.contributor.author	Willeit, P.
dc.contributor.author	Williams, E. A.
dc.contributor.author	Wilsgaard, T.
dc.contributor.author	Wojtyniak, B.
dc.contributor.author	Wong, T. Y.
dc.contributor.author	Wong-McClure, R. A.
dc.contributor.author	Woo, J.
dc.contributor.author	Wu, A. G.
dc.contributor.author	Wu, F. C.
dc.contributor.author	Wu, S. L.
dc.contributor.author	Xu, H. Q.
dc.contributor.author	Yan, W. L.
dc.contributor.author	Yang, X. G.
dc.contributor.author	Ye, X. W.
dc.contributor.author	Yiallouros, P. K.
dc.contributor.author	Yoshihara, A.
dc.contributor.author	Younger-Coleman, N. O.
dc.contributor.author	Yusoff, A. F.
dc.contributor.author	Zambon, S.
dc.contributor.author	Zdrojewski, T.
dc.contributor.author	Zeng, Y.
dc.contributor.author	Zhao, D.
dc.contributor.author	Zhao, W. H.
dc.contributor.author	Zheng, Y.
dc.contributor.author	Zhu, D.
dc.contributor.author	Zimmermann, E.
dc.contributor.author	Cisneros, J. Z.
dc.contributor.author	NCD Risk Factor Collaboration
dc.date.accessioned	2019-01-25T16:36:29Z
dc.date.available	2019-01-25T16:36:29Z
dc.date.issued	2017
dc.identifier.uri	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12866/4847
dc.description.abstract	Background: Raised blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. We estimated worldwide trends in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of, and number of people with, raised blood pressure, defined as systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. Methods: For this analysis, we pooled national, subnational, or community population-based studies that had measured blood pressure in adults aged 18 years and older. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2015 in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of raised blood pressure for 200 countries. We calculated the contributions of changes in prevalence versus population growth and ageing to the increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure. Findings: We pooled 1479 studies that had measured the blood pressures of 19.1 million adults. Global age-standardised mean systolic blood pressure in 2015 was 127.0 mm Hg (95% credible interval 125.7-128.3) in men and 122.3 mm Hg (121.0-123.6) in women; age-standardised mean diastolic blood pressure was 78.7 mm Hg (77.9-79.5) for men and 76.7 mm Hg (75.9-77.6) for women. Global age-standardised prevalence of raised blood pressure was 24.1% (21.4-27.1) in men and 20.1% (17.8-22.5) in women in 2015. Mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure decreased substantially from 1975 to 2015 in high-income western and Asia Pacific countries, moving these countries from having some of the highest worldwide blood pressure in 1975 to the lowest in 2015. Mean blood pressure also decreased in women in central and eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and, more recently, central Asia, Middle East, and north Africa, but the estimated trends in these super-regions had larger uncertainty than in high-income super-regions. By contrast, mean blood pressure might have increased in east and southeast Asia, south Asia, Oceania, and sub-Saharan Africa. In 2015, central and eastern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, and south Asia had the highest blood pressure levels. Prevalence of raised blood pressure decreased in high-income and some middle-income countries; it remained unchanged elsewhere. The number of adults with raised blood pressure increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with the increase largely in low-income and middle-income countries. The global increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure is a net effect of increase due to population growth and ageing, and decrease due to declining age-specific prevalence. Interpretation During the past four decades, the highest worldwide blood pressure levels have shifted from high-income countries to low-income countries in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa due to opposite trends, while blood pressure has been persistently high in central and eastern Europe.	en_US
dc.language.iso	eng
dc.publisher	Elsevier
dc.relation.ispartofseries	Lancet
dc.rights	info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.rights.uri	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es
dc.subject	hypertension	en_US
dc.subject	prevalence	en_US
dc.subject	systematic analysis	en_US
dc.subject	united-states	en_US
dc.subject	General & Internal Medicine	en_US
dc.subject	cardiovascular risk-factors	en_US
dc.subject	global burden	en_US
dc.subject	low-income	en_US
dc.subject	gender-differences	en_US
dc.subject	health examination surveys	en_US
dc.subject	secular trends	en_US
dc.subject	sodium-intake	en_US
dc.title	Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants	en_US
dc.type	info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.identifier.doi	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31919-5
dc.subject.ocde	https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00
dc.relation.issn	1474-547X

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Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants

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