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Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants

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dc.contributor.author Zhou, B.
dc.contributor.author Bentham, J.
dc.contributor.author Di Cesare, M.
dc.contributor.author Bixby, H.
dc.contributor.author Danaei, G.
dc.contributor.author Cowan, M. J.
dc.contributor.author Paciorek, C. J.
dc.contributor.author Singh, G.
dc.contributor.author Hajifathalian, K.
dc.contributor.author Bennett, J. E.
dc.contributor.author Taddei, C.
dc.contributor.author Bilano, V.
dc.contributor.author Carrillo Larco, Rodrigo Martín
dc.contributor.author Djalalinia, S.
dc.contributor.author Khatibzadeh, S.
dc.contributor.author Lugero, C.
dc.contributor.author Peykari, N.
dc.contributor.author Zhang, W. Z.
dc.contributor.author Lu, Y.
dc.contributor.author Stevens, G. A.
dc.contributor.author Riley, L. M.
dc.contributor.author Bovet, P.
dc.contributor.author Elliott, P.
dc.contributor.author Gu, D. F.
dc.contributor.author Ikeda, N.
dc.contributor.author Jackson, R. T.
dc.contributor.author Joffres, M.
dc.contributor.author Kengne, A. P.
dc.contributor.author Laatikainen, T.
dc.contributor.author Lam, T. H.
dc.contributor.author Laxmaiah, A.
dc.contributor.author Liu, J.
dc.contributor.author Miranda, J. Jaime
dc.contributor.author Mondo, C. K.
dc.contributor.author Neuhauser, H. K.
dc.contributor.author Sundstrom, J.
dc.contributor.author Smeeth, L.
dc.contributor.author Soric, M.
dc.contributor.author Woodward, M.
dc.contributor.author Ezzati, M.
dc.contributor.author Abarca-Gomez, L.
dc.contributor.author Abdeen, Z. A.
dc.contributor.author Rahim, H. A.
dc.contributor.author Abu-Rmeileh, N. M.
dc.contributor.author Acosta-Cazares, B.
dc.contributor.author Adams, R.
dc.contributor.author Aekplakorn, W.
dc.contributor.author Afsana, K.
dc.contributor.author Aguilar-Salinas, C. A.
dc.contributor.author Agyemang, C.
dc.contributor.author Ahmadvand, A.
dc.contributor.author Ahrens, W.
dc.contributor.author Al Raddadi, R.
dc.contributor.author Al Woyatan, R.
dc.contributor.author Ali, M. M.
dc.contributor.author Alkerwi, A.
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dc.contributor.author Dobson, A. J.
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dc.contributor.author Doring, A.
dc.contributor.author Doua, K.
dc.contributor.author Drygas, W.
dc.contributor.author Dulskiene, V.
dc.contributor.author Dzakula, A.
dc.contributor.author Dzerve, V.
dc.contributor.author Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, E.
dc.contributor.author Eggertsen, R.
dc.contributor.author Ekelund, U.
dc.contributor.author El Ati, J.
dc.contributor.author Ellert, U.
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dc.contributor.author Farzadfar, F.
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dc.contributor.author Ferguson, T. S.
dc.contributor.author Fernandez-Berges, D.
dc.contributor.author Ferrante, D.
dc.contributor.author Ferrari, M.
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dc.contributor.author Forslund, A. S.
dc.contributor.author Forsner, M.
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dc.contributor.author Goldsmith, R. A.
dc.contributor.author Goncalves, H.
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dc.contributor.author Grajda, A.
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dc.contributor.author Grodzicki, T.
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dc.contributor.author Gruden, G.
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dc.contributor.author Gureje, O.
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dc.contributor.author Hendriks, M. E.
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dc.contributor.author Cadena, L. H.
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dc.contributor.author Zeng, Y.
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dc.contributor.author Zhao, W. H.
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dc.date.accessioned 2019-01-25T16:36:29Z
dc.date.available 2019-01-25T16:36:29Z
dc.date.issued 2017
dc.identifier.uri https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12866/4847
dc.description.abstract Background: Raised blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. We estimated worldwide trends in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of, and number of people with, raised blood pressure, defined as systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. Methods: For this analysis, we pooled national, subnational, or community population-based studies that had measured blood pressure in adults aged 18 years and older. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2015 in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of raised blood pressure for 200 countries. We calculated the contributions of changes in prevalence versus population growth and ageing to the increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure. Findings: We pooled 1479 studies that had measured the blood pressures of 19.1 million adults. Global age-standardised mean systolic blood pressure in 2015 was 127.0 mm Hg (95% credible interval 125.7-128.3) in men and 122.3 mm Hg (121.0-123.6) in women; age-standardised mean diastolic blood pressure was 78.7 mm Hg (77.9-79.5) for men and 76.7 mm Hg (75.9-77.6) for women. Global age-standardised prevalence of raised blood pressure was 24.1% (21.4-27.1) in men and 20.1% (17.8-22.5) in women in 2015. Mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure decreased substantially from 1975 to 2015 in high-income western and Asia Pacific countries, moving these countries from having some of the highest worldwide blood pressure in 1975 to the lowest in 2015. Mean blood pressure also decreased in women in central and eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and, more recently, central Asia, Middle East, and north Africa, but the estimated trends in these super-regions had larger uncertainty than in high-income super-regions. By contrast, mean blood pressure might have increased in east and southeast Asia, south Asia, Oceania, and sub-Saharan Africa. In 2015, central and eastern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, and south Asia had the highest blood pressure levels. Prevalence of raised blood pressure decreased in high-income and some middle-income countries; it remained unchanged elsewhere. The number of adults with raised blood pressure increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with the increase largely in low-income and middle-income countries. The global increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure is a net effect of increase due to population growth and ageing, and decrease due to declining age-specific prevalence. Interpretation During the past four decades, the highest worldwide blood pressure levels have shifted from high-income countries to low-income countries in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa due to opposite trends, while blood pressure has been persistently high in central and eastern Europe. en_US
dc.language.iso eng
dc.publisher Elsevier
dc.relation.ispartofseries Lancet
dc.rights info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.rights.uri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es
dc.subject hypertension en_US
dc.subject prevalence en_US
dc.subject systematic analysis en_US
dc.subject united-states en_US
dc.subject General & Internal Medicine en_US
dc.subject cardiovascular risk-factors en_US
dc.subject global burden en_US
dc.subject low-income en_US
dc.subject gender-differences en_US
dc.subject health examination surveys en_US
dc.subject secular trends en_US
dc.subject sodium-intake en_US
dc.title Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants en_US
dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.identifier.doi https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31919-5
dc.subject.ocde https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00
dc.relation.issn 1474-547X


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