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Acceptability, Safety, and Efficacy of Oral Administration of Extracts of Black or Red Maca (Lepidium meyenii) in Adult Human Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

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dc.contributor.author Gonzales Arimborgo, Carla Jeannine
dc.contributor.author Yupanqui, Irma
dc.contributor.author Montero, Elsa
dc.contributor.author Alarcón Yaquetto, Dulce Esperanza
dc.contributor.author Zevallos-Concha, Alisson
dc.contributor.author Caballero, Lidia
dc.contributor.author Gasco Tantachuco, Manuel Enrique
dc.contributor.author Zhao, Jianping
dc.contributor.author Khan, Ikhlas-A.
dc.contributor.author Gonzales Rengifo, Gustavo Francisco
dc.date.accessioned 2019-02-06T14:45:34Z
dc.date.available 2019-02-06T14:45:34Z
dc.date.issued 2016
dc.identifier.uri https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12866/5073
dc.description.abstract The plant maca, grown at 4000 m altitude in the Peruvian Central Andes, contains hypocotyls that have been used as food and in traditional medicine for centuries. The aim of this research was to provide results on some health effects of oral administration of spray-dried extracts of black or red maca (Lepidium meyenii) in adult human subjects living at low (LA) and high altitude (HA). A total of 175 participants were given 3 g of either placebo, black, or red maca extract daily for 12 weeks. Primary outcomes were changes in sexual desire, mood, energy, health-related quality of life score (HRQL), and chronic mountain sickness (CMS) score, or in glycaemia, blood pressure, and hemoglobin levels. Secondary outcomes were acceptability and safety, assessed using the Likert test and side effect self-recording, respectively, and the effect of altitude. At low altitude, 32, 30, and 32 participants started the study receiving placebo, red maca, or black maca, respectively. At high altitudes, 33, 35, and 31 participants started the study receiving placebo, red maca, and black maca, respectively. Consumption of spray-dried extracts of red and black maca resulted in improvement in mood, energy, and health status, and reduced CMS score. Fatty acids and macamides were higher in spray-dried extracts of black maca than in red maca. GABA predominated in spray-dried extracts of red maca. Effects on mood, energy, and CMS score were better with red maca. Black maca and, in smaller proportions, red maca reduced hemoglobin levels only in highlanders with abnormally high hemoglobin levels; neither variety of maca reduced hemoglobin levels in lowlanders. Black maca reduced blood glucose levels. Both varieties produced similar responses in mood, and HRQL score. Maca extracts consumed at LA or HA had good acceptability and did not show serious adverse effects. In conclusion, maca extract consumption relative to the placebo improved quality of life parameters. Differences in the level of improvement between red and black maca are probably due to differences in the composition of these two plant varieties. Both maca extracts were well tolerated and safe. en_US
dc.language.iso eng
dc.publisher MDPI
dc.relation.ispartofseries Pharmaceuticals
dc.rights info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.rights.uri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es
dc.subject adverse effects en_US
dc.subject black maca en_US
dc.subject botanicals en_US
dc.subject high altitude en_US
dc.subject human health en_US
dc.subject Lepidium meyenii en_US
dc.subject nutraceuticals en_US
dc.subject placebo en_US
dc.subject red maca en_US
dc.subject toxicity en_US
dc.title Acceptability, Safety, and Efficacy of Oral Administration of Extracts of Black or Red Maca (Lepidium meyenii) in Adult Human Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study en_US
dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.identifier.doi https://doi.org/10.3390/ph9030049
dc.subject.ocde https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.05
dc.relation.issn 1424-8247


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