Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia

Defining catastrophic costs and comparing their importance for adverse tuberculosis outcome with multi-drug resistance: a prospective cohort study, Peru

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dc.contributor.author Wingfield, Tom
dc.contributor.author Boccia, Delia
dc.contributor.author Tovar, Marco
dc.contributor.author Gavino, Arquimedes
dc.contributor.author Zevallos, Karine
dc.contributor.author Montoya, Rosario
dc.contributor.author Lonnroth, Knut
dc.contributor.author Evans, Carlton Anthony William
dc.date.accessioned 2020-06-10T18:12:16Z
dc.date.available 2020-06-10T18:12:16Z
dc.date.issued 2014
dc.identifier.uri https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12866/8085
dc.description.abstract BACKGROUND: Even when tuberculosis (TB) treatment is free, hidden costs incurred by patients and their households (TB-affected households) may worsen poverty and health. Extreme TB-associated costs have been termed "catastrophic" but are poorly defined. We studied TB-affected households' hidden costs and their association with adverse TB outcome to create a clinically relevant definition of catastrophic costs. METHODS AND FINDINGS: From 26 October 2002 to 30 November 2009, TB patients (n = 876, 11% with multi-drug-resistant [MDR] TB) and healthy controls (n = 487) were recruited to a prospective cohort study in shantytowns in Lima, Peru. Patients were interviewed prior to and every 2–4 wk throughout treatment, recording direct (household expenses) and indirect (lost income) TB-related costs. Costs were expressed as a proportion of the household's annual income. In poorer households, costs were lower but constituted a higher proportion of the household's annual income: 27% (95% CI = 20%–43%) in the least-poor houses versus 48% (95% CI = 36%–50%) in the poorest. Adverse TB outcome was defined as death, treatment abandonment or treatment failure during therapy, or recurrence within 2 y. 23% (166/725) of patients with a defined treatment outcome had an adverse outcome. Total costs ≥20% of household annual income was defined as catastrophic because this threshold was most strongly associated with adverse TB outcome. Catastrophic costs were incurred by 345 households (39%). Having MDR TB was associated with a higher likelihood of incurring catastrophic costs (54% [95% CI = 43%–61%] versus 38% [95% CI = 34%–41%], p<0.003). Adverse outcome was independently associated with MDR TB (odds ratio [OR] = 8.4 [95% CI = 4.7–15], p<0.001), previous TB (OR = 2.1 [95% CI = 1.3–3.5], p = 0.005), days too unwell to work pre-treatment (OR = 1.01 [95% CI = 1.00–1.01], p = 0.02), and catastrophic costs (OR = 1.7 [95% CI = 1.1–2.6], p = 0.01). The adjusted population attributable fraction of adverse outcomes explained by catastrophic costs was 18% (95% CI = 6.9%–28%), similar to that of MDR TB (20% [95% CI = 14%–25%]). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that existing catastrophic costs thresholds (≥10% or ≥15% of household annual income) were not associated with adverse outcome in our setting. Study limitations included not measuring certain “dis-saving” variables (including selling household items) and gathering only 6 mo of costs-specific follow-up data for MDR TB patients. CONCLUSIONS: Despite free TB care, having TB disease was expensive for impoverished TB patients in Peru. Incurring higher relative costs was associated with adverse TB outcome. The population attributable fraction indicated that catastrophic costs and MDR TB were associated with similar proportions of adverse outcomes. Thus TB is a socioeconomic as well as infectious problem, and TB control interventions should address both the economic and clinical aspects of this disease. en_US
dc.language.iso eng
dc.publisher Public Library of Science
dc.relation.ispartofseries PLoS Medicine
dc.rights info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.rights.uri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es
dc.subject Health Care Costs en_US
dc.subject Adolescent en_US
dc.subject Adult en_US
dc.subject Cohort Studies en_US
dc.subject Female en_US
dc.subject Humans en_US
dc.subject Income en_US
dc.subject Male en_US
dc.subject Middle Aged en_US
dc.subject Peru en_US
dc.subject Prospective Studies en_US
dc.subject Socioeconomic Factors en_US
dc.subject Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy/economics en_US
dc.subject Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy/economics en_US
dc.subject Young Adult en_US
dc.title Defining catastrophic costs and comparing their importance for adverse tuberculosis outcome with multi-drug resistance: a prospective cohort study, Peru en_US
dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.identifier.doi https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001675
dc.subject.ocde https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.06.03
dc.subject.ocde https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.06.01
dc.subject.ocde https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#2.08.00
dc.relation.issn 1549-1676


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