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Sodium and salt consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic-review and meta-analysis of population-based studies and surveys

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dc.contributor.author Carrillo Larco, Rodrigo Martín
dc.contributor.author Bernabé Ortiz, Antonio
dc.date.accessioned 2020-07-14T00:01:01Z
dc.date.available 2020-07-14T00:01:01Z
dc.date.issued 2020
dc.identifier.uri https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12866/8253
dc.description.abstract Sodium/salt consumption is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Although global targets to reduce salt intake have been established, current levels and trends of sodium consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are unknown. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies in which sodium consumption was analyzed based on urine samples (24 hour samples or otherwise). The search was conducted in Medline, Embase, Global Health, Scopus and LILACS. From 2350 results, 53 were studied in detail, of which 15 reports were included, providing evidence for 18 studies. Most studies were from Brazil (7/18) and six collected 24 hour urine samples. In the random effects meta-analysis, 12 studies (29,875 people) were analyzed since 2010. The pooled mean 24 hour estimated sodium consumption was 4.13 g/day (10.49 g/day of salt). When only national surveys were analyzed, the pooled mean was 3.43 g/day (8.71 g/day of salt); when only community studies were analyzed the pooled mean was 4.39 g/day (11.15 g/day of salt). Studies had low risk of bias. The estimated 24 hour sodium consumption is more than twice the World Health Organization recommendations since 2010. Regional organizations and governments should strengthen policies and interventions to measure and reduce sodium consumption in LAC. en_US
dc.language.iso eng
dc.publisher MDPI
dc.relation.ispartofseries Nutrients
dc.rights info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.rights.uri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es
dc.subject dietary en_US
dc.subject global health en_US
dc.subject sodium en_US
dc.subject sodium chloride en_US
dc.subject World Health Organization en_US
dc.subject human en_US
dc.subject risk factor en_US
dc.subject public health en_US
dc.subject Review en_US
dc.subject hypertension en_US
dc.subject salt intake en_US
dc.subject Global health en_US
dc.subject systematic review en_US
dc.subject cardiovascular disease en_US
dc.subject Caribbean en_US
dc.subject creatinine urine level en_US
dc.subject Dietary en_US
dc.subject quality control en_US
dc.subject Sodium en_US
dc.subject Sodium chloride en_US
dc.subject sodium intake en_US
dc.subject South and Central America en_US
dc.title Sodium and salt consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic-review and meta-analysis of population-based studies and surveys en_US
dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.identifier.doi https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020556
dc.subject.ocde https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#4.04.01
dc.subject.ocde https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.03.04
dc.relation.issn 2072-6643


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